.NET Developer Interview Questions
The .NET framework, with its vast libraries and support for multiple languages, is a foundational tool for countless applications. This article equips hiring managers with pivotal interview questions aimed at discerning the proficiency of .NET developer candidates. Explore their grasp on ASP.NET, CLR, C#, and the intricacies of the .NET ecosystem to ensure a perfect fit for your software needs.
Can you briefly explain the .NET Framework?
Answer: The .NET Framework is a software development platform developed by Microsoft. It provides a runtime environment, libraries, and services required to build, deploy, and run applications and services written in .NET languages like C# or VB.NET.
2.
What are the main components of .NET Framework?
Answer: The main components include the Common Language Runtime (CLR), .NET Class Libraries, ASP.NET, Windows Forms, ADO.NET, and Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF).
3.
What is the CLR?
Answer: The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the execution engine of the .NET Framework. It provides memory management, type safety, exception handling, garbage collection, and security.
4.
Explain the difference between managed and unmanaged code.
Answer: Managed code runs under the control of the CLR, ensuring type safety, garbage collection, and other runtime features. Unmanaged code runs outside the CLR, without these benefits.
5.
What is CTS?
Answer: The Common Type System (CTS) ensures that data types defined in various languages are interoperable, providing a common set of data types for all .NET languages.
6.
Describe ASP.NET MVC.
Answer: ASP.NET MVC is a web application framework that implements the model-view-controller (MVC) pattern, offering separation of concerns, testability, and a powerful routing mechanism.
7.
How does .NET Garbage Collection work?
Answer: The .NET Garbage Collector (GC) manages the automatic release of memory. It tracks objects no longer referenced and reclaims their memory.
8.
What is Entity Framework?
Answer: Entity Framework (EF) is an Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) tool that allows developers to interact with databases using .NET objects, abstracting the underlying database interactions.
9.
Explain the difference between WebForms and MVC.
Answer: WebForms follows an event-driven model with a page lifecycle, while MVC follows the Model-View-Controller pattern, offering a cleaner separation of concerns and more control over rendered HTML.
10.
How are exceptions handled in .NET?
Answer: Exceptions in .NET are managed using the try, catch, finally, and throw keywords. This allows the capture, processing, and re-throwing of exceptions.
11.
Describe LINQ.
Answer: Language Integrated Query (LINQ) provides a consistent way to query data using .NET languages, irrespective of the data source (like databases, XML, or in-memory objects).
12.
What is WPF?
Answer: Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) is a UI framework to create desktop client applications with rich graphics, animation, and media.
13.
How does ADO.NET work?
Answer: ADO.NET provides a set of classes for connecting, retrieving, updating, and manipulating data in databases. It supports both connected (using DataReaders) and disconnected (DataSets) modes.
14.
Explain the concept of delegates in .NET.
Answer: Delegates are type-safe function pointers, allowing the definition of callback methods. They are especially useful for events and lambda expressions.
15.
What is a lambda expression in .NET?
Answer: A lambda expression is a concise way to represent an anonymous method using a syntax like (parameters) => expression.
16.
How is multithreading achieved in .NET?
Answer: .NET provides the System.Threading namespace, which contains classes like Thread, ThreadPool, and Tasks, allowing for parallel and asynchronous operations.
17.
What's the difference between Value Types and Reference Types?
Answer: Value Types store data directly and are stored in the stack. Reference Types store a reference to the memory location and are stored in the heap.
18.
Explain the "Dependency Injection" in .NET.
Answer: Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern where an object's dependencies are supplied from the outside, promoting loose coupling and enhancing testability. .NET Core comes with built-in DI support.
19.
What are attributes in .NET?
Answer: Attributes are declarative metadata annotations applied to assemblies, types, methods, or properties, providing additional information used by the compiler or runtime.
20.
What is NuGet?
Answer: NuGet is a package manager for .NET, allowing developers to install, update, and manage .NET libraries and tools in their projects.
21.
How can you improve the performance of a .NET application?
Answer: Techniques include optimizing database queries, using caching, reducing memory allocations, and employing efficient algorithms and data structures.
22.
What are generics in .NET?
Answer: Generics allow for type-safe data structures, enabling developers to create classes, methods, delegates, and interfaces with a placeholder for the data type.
23.
How does .NET Core differ from the .NET Framework?
Answer: .NET Core is a cross-platform, modular, and lightweight version of the .NET Framework. It's designed for cloud and microservices and can run on Windows, Linux, and macOS.
24.
What is the role of the App.config file in a .NET application?
Answer: App.config is a configuration file where settings like database connection strings, app settings, and other configuration details can be stored.
25.
Describe the async and await keywords in .NET.
Answer: The async and await keywords provide a simple way to write asynchronous code in a more readable and maintainable way, making it easier to perform non-blocking operations.
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